Why Do Some People Develop Kidney Stones?

Key Takeaways:

  1. Kidney stones are caused by genetics, diet, and lifestyle/medical conditions.
  2. There are four types of kidney stones with different causes and characteristics.
  3. Early diagnosis and lifestyle modifications are key to reducing the risk of kidney stones and improving prognosis.

Some physiological issues come with universal dread—an appendicitis, a gallbladder attack, kidney stones. While you may have heard of this painful condition, you may not understand what kidney stones are, or, more importantly, why some people develop them. Understanding the causes behind kidney stones will equip you with the knowledge to mitigate your risk and ensure your body’s vital systems stay in top shape.

An Overview of Kidney Stones: More Common Than You Think

Kidney stones are hard deposits of minerals and salts that form inside your kidneys. Their prevalence, while not always discussed, is more significant than you might think. Each year, over half a million people go to emergency rooms for kidney stone problems. Typically, these stones manifest through severe pain in the side and back, below the ribs, pain during urination, or persistent need to urinate. They can even lead to urinary tract infections or kidney damage if left untreated.

Understanding the Factors: Why Do Some People Get Struck?

Your susceptibility to kidney stones boils down to several key elements: your genetic makeup, your diet and hydration, and certain lifestyle and medical conditions.

Genetics plays a pivotal role; a family history of kidney stones or certain genetically-linked health conditions can increase your risk. Diet also contributes substantially: a high-sodium or high-protein diet can exacerbate stone formation, as can inadequate fluid intake. Lifestyle factors such as a sedentary regimen and obesity significantly heighten the risk, whereas certain medical conditions like gout and urinary tract infections, can serve as breeding grounds for kidney stones.

Know Your Stones: A Diverse Cast of Unwanted Guests

Not all kidney stones are created equal, and the four types — calcium stones, uric acid stones, struvite stones, and cystine stones — each have their unique causes and characteristics. Calcium stones, for instance, are usually in the form of calcium oxalate and are often formed due to high oxalate levels. Uric acid stones, on the other hand, often form in people who lose too much fluid or eat a high-protein diet, and are more common in those with genetic susceptibility. Struvite stones are often a response to an infection, like a urinary tract infection, whereas Cystine stones are tied directly to genetic disorders that cause the kidneys to excrete an excess of certain amino acids.

Diagnosis and Treatment: Identifying the Problem and Addressing It

Diagnosing kidney stones usually involves imaging tests and urine analysis. Depending on the severity of the condition, treatment can range from medication and dietary modifications to surgical procedures like lithotripsy or a ureteroscopy. Preventive measures to stave off recurrence typically involve lifestyle changes like drinking more water, reducing sodium intake, and maintaining a healthy weight.

The Final Takeaway: Knowledge is Power

In conclusion, understanding the causes to develop kidney stones — whether genetic, dietary, or lifestyle-related — is the first step towards prevention and intervention. Early diagnosis and lifestyle modifications can significantly improve your prognosis if you are at risk.

Making strides to reduce the prevalence of kidney stones also calls for further research. While we understand some causes behind the formation of kidney stones, there is always more to learn. Luckily, Florida is home to some of the nation’s top urologists, including the team at St Pete Urology. With their depth of experience, compassionate care, and commitment to the latest treatments, these urologists in FL are leading the charge in kidney stone diagnosis, treatment, and prevention.

References:

  1. St. Pete Urology | Urologists in St Petersburg, Florida. (2022, July 11). St Pete Urology. https://stpeteurology.com/kidney-stones/
  2. St Pete Urology. (2017, April 19). 7 Common Symptoms of Kidney Stone and Treatment Options. St Pete Urology. https://stpeteurology.com/kidney-stone-treatment-options/
  3. Kidney Stones. (2021, December 13). National Kidney Foundation; https://www.kidney.org/atoz/content/kidneystones
  4. Watson, S. (2017, October 20). 8 Signs and Symptoms of Kidney Stones. Healthline; Healthline Media. https://www.healthline.com/health/symptoms-of-kidney-stones
  5. NHS Choices. (2023). Overview – Kidney stones. https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/kidney-stones/

Could Your 4th of July Celebration Lead to Kidney Stones?

Kidney Health during 4th of July

Three Key Takeaways

  • Consume foods that are lower in oxalates, such as lean proteins, fruits, and vegetables.
  • Stay adequately hydrated during outdoor festivities to reduce the risk of kidney stone formation.
  • Moderate alcohol intake to maintain a balance between celebrating and preserving kidney health.

Kidney Health during 4th of JulyEach year, Americans mark the 4th of July with a grand display of patriotism involving parades, picnics, and fireworks. But amidst the fun and excitement, many are often oblivious to the potential health implications tied to this historical celebration. Among the bountiful food and beverages typical of any American festivity and the alcohol consumed in the spirit of celebration, a less conspicuous health risk emerges, kidney stones.

What are kidney stones?

Kidney stones are hard deposits made up of minerals and salts that form inside your kidneys. They are often caused by increased concentration of certain substances in the urine which crystallize over time, forming these hard deposits. Genetics, certain medical conditions, and certain diets are among the risk factors that contribute to the development of kidney stones.

Link between diet and kidney stones

Your food and beverage intake during the 4th of July can have profound implications for your kidney health. Who could resist those succulent BBQ ribs or the homemade spinach pie? But did you know that such foods are high in oxalates, an organic compound that can increase the risk of stone formation when consumed excessively? The celebrations filled with delectable treats and heaping plates of food often push us to consume more of these oxalate-rich foodstuffs, potentially laying the foundation for kidney stones.

Dehydration and kidney stone risk

The summer heat is another antagonist to your kidney health, especially during the 4th of July festivities. Dehydration, a likely occurrence during outdoor activities in the mid-summer heat, can lead to concentrated urine. This heightened concentration of minerals in the urine can increase the likelihood of kidney stone formation. Hence, it’s crucial to stay adequately hydrated during these outdoor festivities.

Alcohol consumption and kidney stone formation

Consider the role of alcohol in this scenario. Alcohol, if consumed excessively, can lead to dehydration, further compounding the risk of kidney stones. While it may be integral to the celebration for some, moderation in alcohol intake can help maintain a balance, preserving kidney health while still partaking in the festivities.

Prevention and tips for a kidney-friendly 4th of July celebration

So how can you enjoy your 4th of July celebration without risking your kidney health? Opt for foods that are lower in oxalates, such as lean proteins like chicken breast or fish. Consume plenty of fruits and vegetables, and significantly up your water intake. These are simple yet effective strategies for kidney stone prevention. And remember – moderation is key when it comes to alcohol consumption.

Wrapping up, it may seem far-fetched to connect a joyous 4th of July celebration with something as grim as kidney stones. But the link is not as tenuous as you may think. The food and drinks that we rejoice in, the summer heat, and the alcohol that often accompanies our celebrations, all play a role in potentially increasing the risk of kidney stones. But with mindful dietary choices and adequate hydration, you can enjoy a healthy and safe holiday celebration.

If you’re in St. Petersburg, FL, and are looking for professional advice or treatment for kidney stones, reach out to St Pete Urology. Their team of experienced urologists is at your service to help maintain your kidney health and prevent kidney stones. Let your 4th of July celebration be filled with joyous memories, not marred by avoidable health risks.

References:

6 Essential Things to Know About Preventing Kidney Stones

Key Takeaways:

  1. Certain factors like genetics, diet, hydration, and medication use may contribute to a person’s risk of developing kidney stones. 
  2. Building good habits like reducing sodium intake, drinking plenty of fluids, and exercising regularly can help in preventing kidney stones. 
  3. If any symptoms of kidney stones appear, contact a healthcare provider.

Kidney stones are the painful and sometimes dangerous condition that affects millions of people around the world. While not everyone will develop stones, they can be very serious and knowing the risks and how to prevent them is vital. Here are six essential things to know about preventing kidney stones.

Introduction

Kidney stones are mineral deposits that can form in the kidneys, ultimately migrating to the bladder and sometimes further, if left untreated. The typical kidney stone is made up of calcium oxalate, however other materials can cause them as well. Symptoms include severe pain in the side and back, nausea and vomiting, and often the need to urinate frequently. Early diagnosis and treatment is essential to avoid further complications, such as damage to the kidneys or narrowing of the urinary tract.

Risk Factors

There are several things that may contribute to a person’s risk of developing kidney stones, including genetics, diet, hydration, and medication use.

Genetics: Genetics can play a role in the development of kidney stones. People who have a family history of kidney stones may be more likely to develop them than those without a family history.

Diet: Diet can be a major factor in kidney stone formation. Eating a diet high in animal-based proteins, sodium and oxalates can increase the risk. A diet high in calcium actually may prevent stones from forming.

Hydration: Staying hydrated is essential to overall health, but it is also one of the most effective methods of preventing kidney stones. Drinking plenty of water daily helps to flush out minerals and metabolites that can contribute to the development of stones.

Medication Use: Some medications have been found to have an effect on kidney stone formation. Diuretics and certain antibiotics can increase the risk of developing stones. It’s important to discuss all medications with your doctor to determine if any could increase your risk or make existing stones worse.

Precautions

There are several steps you can take to reduce your risk of developing kidney stones or exacerbating existing ones.

Ways to Reduce Risk: The best way to reduce your risk of developing stones is to build good habits. This includes reducing the amount of sodium in your diet, drinking plenty of fluids, and exercising regularly.

Diet Suggestions: Eating a balanced diet can help to keep the minerals and processes in your body in balance and reduce your risk of stones. Limiting your intake of animal-based proteins, sugars, and processed foods while incorporating plenty of fruits, vegetables, and whole grains into your diet can significantly reduce your risk.

When to Call Your Doctor: If you experience any symptoms of kidney stones, such as pain in the lower back or sides, nausea or vomiting, or frequent urination, you should contact your healthcare provider. They can help diagnose and treat the stones and advise you on ways to lower your risk in the future.

Conclusion

Kidney stones can be a serious and painful condition that affects millions of people around the world. Some risk factors, such as genetics, may be difficult to control, however taking careful precautions and managing your diet can help to reduce the risk. Eating a balanced diet, drinking plenty of water, reducing sodium and animal-based proteins, and exercising regularly are all ways to keep minerals and processes in balance, reducing the risk of developing stones or worsening existing ones. If you experience any symptoms of kidney stones, seek medical help as soon as possible.

For more information and resources on kidney stones, visit the National Kidney Foundation website.

At St Pete Urology, we’re focused on helping you with all of your urologic needs. Our board-certified urologists provide comprehensive care, including treatments for kidney stones. Contact us today to learn more.

References:

What Foods Are Good For Kidneys?

Kidneys play a significant role in the overall health of the body. They filter out waste products from blood and send them out of the body as waste through urine. The kidneys also balance fluid and electrolyte levels in the body while making hormones that regulate the function of other organs of your body. But to keep your kidneys healthy, you need to watch what you eat and drink because some foods boost the performance of the kidneys while others stress, degrade and damage them.

What foods support healthy kidneys?

Kidney-friendly foods are those that enhance kidney function and protect them from damage. Generally, a good balance of quality protein, calories, vitamins, and minerals are great for the kidneys. Very high dietary levels of some mineral ions such as sodium, potassium, phosphorus and calcium may in the long run endanger your kidneys. Foods linked to heart problems and high blood pressure may put additional pressure on the kidneys.

For healthy kidneys, consider the following:

1. Stay Hydrated

Water helps to flush out toxins from the body. In fact, the body relies on water to assist transporting toxic wastes into the bloodstream, then to the kidneys where they are filtered and removed through urine. This process helps reduce the risk of bacterial infection, kidney stones, and kidney disease, which is why water is crucial for the critical salt-fluid balance in the body.

Ideally, you should drink 6-8 glasses of water per day, but of course you can drink more if you are active during the day. In addition to the many other benefits of staying hydrated, drinking water when thirsty helps to support your kidneys.

2. Apples and mushrooms

Apples are rich in fiber. One of the fibers, called pectin, helps to reduce various risk factors for kidney disease, such as high blood sugar and cholesterol levels. Apples also have anti-inflammatory constituents, prevent constipation, protect against heart disease, and lower the risk of cancer. You might also consider eating mushrooms for their high levels of vitamin D, which boosts kidney function.

3. Sweet potatoes

Sweet potatoes have a robust fiber profile. They break down very slowly in the body which helps to support low insulin levels. Sweet potatoes also have a healthy amount of vitamins and minerals, such as potassium which helps to balance sodium levels in the body and reduce the effect of sodium on the kidneys. However, since they contain high levels of potassium, sweet potatoes are not ideal for those with chronic kidney disease (CKD).

4. Berries

Dark berries, such as strawberries, raspberries and blueberries are a great source of nutrients and antioxidants and for most people protective for the kidneys.

5. Dark leafy vegetables

Leafy vegetables such as kale, spinach and chard contain a wide variety of vitamins, fibers, and minerals that support kidney function. While they do supply a number of protective compounds, dark leafy vegetables are highly rich in potassium and therefore less suitable for those with chronic kidney disease (CKD), restricted diet, or patients on dialysis.

6. Kale and cauliflowers

Kale is a terrific source of vitamins A and C which reduce inflammation, boost the immune system and protect the kidneys. Kale is also lower in potassium compared to other greens, and contains lots of iron. Like kale, cauliflower is rich in vitamin C and also has plenty of fiber and folate that are crucial for kidney function. Likewise, cauliflower contains compounds that improve the liver’s ability to neutralize toxic substances and reduce the stress on the kidneys.

7. Fatty fish and egg whites

Tuna, salmon and other cold-water, fatty fish have high omega-3 fatty acids. The omega-3 fatty acids in these fish are heart protective and also healthy for the kidneys. Since high blood pressure is a risk factor for kidney disease, fatty fish is a great way to improve your cholesterol profile and protect your kidneys.

Foods to avoid include:

1. High salt

Elevated salt levels raise blood pressure making the heart and kidneys work extremely hard. You can control your salt intake by cooking at home and avoiding most fast foods which are sky high in sodium.

You can also try substituting new spices and herbs in place of salt and by avoiding packaged and pre-cooked foods, such as soups, frozen dinners, and boxed meals that usually have extra salt. Similarly, you should avoid table salt and high-sodium seasonings like soy sauce, garlic salt and sea salt.

2. Foods rich in potassium

While potassium helps your nerves and muscles to work properly, too much of it can lead to serious heart problems and eventually to kidney issues. Potassium is found in most fruits and vegetables, such as bananas, oranges, avocadoes, raw carrots, cooked broccoli, potatoes, greens, tomatoes, and melons.

Instead of these high potassium foods, try alternatives such as apples, cranberries, blueberries, raspberries, and strawberries. Other good options are pineapples, peaches, plums, asparagus, cabbage, cucumber, and beans (green and white).

3. Limit phosphorus and calcium

Phosphorus and calcium are great minerals for keeping your bones healthy and strong. But high levels of phosphorus may increase the risk of long-term kidney disease. Since most foods that contain phosphorus are also equally rich in calcium, the body’s levels of the two minerals can be controlled by similar mechanisms.

If your doctor suggests limiting phosphorus, avoid foods such as red meat, dairy products, nuts, fish, most grains, and legumes. Consider replacing these foods with healthy foods that are lower in phosphorus, such as fresh fruits and veggies, rice, corn and fish.

At St Pete Urology, we encourage our patients to take care of their kidneys through healthy behaviors—exercise, drinking plenty of water and eating a balanced diet. We also perform surgeries and treat urination problems such as incontinence, tumors, cysts, growth and stones of the urinary system, as well as problems of the male reproductive system. For more information on kidney disorders and their treatment, visit the St Pete Urology website.

What color is urine when kidneys are failing?

Kidney failure is a condition in which one or both kidneys can no longer work on their own. It may be due to an acute injury to the kidneys or a chronic disease that gradually causes them to stop functioning. When kidneys are healthy, they clean the blood by removing excess fluid, minerals and wastes. But when they are failing, harmful wastes build up in the body and excess fluid is retained, changing the appearance, amount and number of times urine is passed.

Clues from urine color

Urine can provide a lot of information about what is going on in the body, including kidney failure. It can be all sorts of colors, from pale yellow to amber, and even pink, orange or green. For healthy urine, the color ranges from pale yellow to amber-colored, depending on the body’s hydration level. Pale yellow urine means high hydration while dark amber means more concentrated urine, indicating dehydration.

The pigment called urobilin (urochrome) causes the yellow color in urine. The kidney filters out this byproduct from the bloodstream and removes it from the body in urine. The more fluids you drink, the lighter the color of this pigment in urine. The less you drink, the stronger the color. For example, during pregnancy there is 50% increase in blood volume, so urine tends to be clearer and more diluted during pregnancy.

What urine colors are abnormal?

Paying attention to the color of urine can make you aware of your kidney health and alert you to the need for a medical checkup. Clear to yellow urine is normal and indicates normal kidney function, while odd colors such as orange or blue may be due to certain medications such as laxatives, antidepressants and antibiotics. But there are two colors that you must take seriously: red and dark brown.

Pink or red urine means red blood cells are present in urine. These colors may be a sign of infection, kidney stones or even cancer. Dark brown urine could mean you are extremely dehydrated, but if you drink plenty of fluid and the urine is still brown then you may have muscle breakdown, kidney disease or kidney failure.

What is the color of urine when kidneys are failing?

When kidneys are failing, the increased concentration and accumulation of substances in urine lead to a darker color which may be brown, red or purple. The color change is due to abnormal protein or sugar, high levels of red and white blood cells, and high numbers of tube-shaped particles called cellular casts. The presence of blood in urine may make urine appear red or the color of tea or cola. Dark brown urine occurs in kidney failure due to the buildup of waste products in urine or urinating less often and in smaller amounts than usual.

Foaming or fizzing urine may also be a sign of kidney failure, though foam is not a color and usually occurs due to increased protein in urine or kidney disease. Foamy urine indicates a diminished ability of the kidney to filter and clean the blood.

Treatment of kidney failure

Kidney failure can be a debilitating and life threatening condition with symptoms such as lethargy, weakness, generalized swelling, shortness of breath, congestive heart failure and fatal heart rhythm disturbances. If your kidney is failing, treatment of the underlying disease may be the first step in correcting the problem.

Many causes of kidney failure are treatable and visiting a urologist will ensure the underlying condition is diagnosed and treated to restore normal function. The urologist may also plan for control of blood pressure, diabetes or other underlying conditions as a way of preventing chronic kidney disease. But in some situations, kidney failure is progressive and irreversible. When that happens, the only treatment options are dialysis or transplant, each with benefits and drawbacks.

Whatever treatment your urologist recommends, you will need to make some changes in your life, including how you eat and plan your activities. With the help of your urologist, family and friends, you can continue to lead a full and active life. For more information on symptoms, diagnosis, treatment and management of kidney failure, visit the St Pete Urology website.

How does the kidney filter blood?

How does the kidney filter blood?Many people do not realize how vital their kidneys are to their overall health until an issue arises and they need to seek medical care. Knowing what your kidneys do and how they function can go a long way toward maintaining good health before a problem occurs or understanding the treatment process once you are under a urologist’s supervision.

What Do My Kidneys Do?

Your kidneys are basically your body’s filtration system. Every minute, approximately half a cup of blood flows through them. As the blood flows through, waste products are removed, as is excess water; the levels of minerals and salt are also adjusted if need be. Although around 150 quarts of blood are filtered by your kidneys every day as it continually cycles through your body, only about 1-2 quarts of urine are produced from the waste products and excess water. The urine then flows to the bladder through a tube called the ureter.

How Do My Kidneys Work?

Inside each kidney, there are about a million tiny filtration units called nephrons. The nephrons are made up of a filter called a glomerulus and a tube called a tubule. Blood flows through the glomerulus, where waste and excess water or minerals are filtered out. The tubule then sends the filtered substances to collect in the kidneys before flowing through the ureter to the bladder, while the newly-filtered blood is returned to the rest of the body. There are so many nephrons in your kidneys that even if more than half of them are no longer working, you may not notice any issues or symptoms.

What Happens If Something Goes Wrong?

Many things can occur to interrupt the function of your kidneys. Warning signs of kidney disease include an increased need to urinate, especially at night, blood in the urine, foamy urine, cramping muscles and swollen ankles and feet. These are all signs that something could be wrong with the filtration system in your kidneys, causing issues with fluid and electrolyte levels in your body.

Another common problem is kidney stones. When there is a buildup of certain waste products in the kidneys and not enough fluid to flush them out, these waste products can crystallize and form stones that cause extreme pain as they leave the body. If you suspect you are dealing with kidney stones, kidney disease, or other problems with your urinary system, it’s important to talk to a doctor right away, like the urologists at St Pete Urology, who will be able to diagnose any issues and help you and your kidneys return to normal healthy function as soon as possible.

For more information, visit the St Pete Urology website.

How To Manage The Pain Of Kidney Stones?

Marked by an agonizing, excruciating and intolerable pain, kidney stones account for over 1 million annual emergency room visits in the United States. The pain usually starts in the upper flank, as a sudden twinge on the side, escalates to the loins and migrates to the front of the body. The sharp stabbing pain of kidney stones is worse than childbirth pain and quickly makes it impossible to function. It is important for you to know how to prevent kidney stones and how to deal with the pain if you get the stones.

What are kidney stones?

Kidney stones are small, hard pebble-like lumps formed when there are high levels of various minerals in urine. The minerals and other substances crystallize and form hard masses before they can be flushed away. Classic stones are a blend of calcium and oxalate (an organic acid found in urine), but lumps of uric acid, calcium phosphate and other substances also may form. A stone may sit in the kidney or ureter with little or no pain. But often when the stone leaves the kidney or gets stuck in the ureter, it blocks the flow of urine and causes pain.

Symptoms of kidney stones

When a kidney stone moves around in the kidney or gets lodged in the ureter, it may block the passage of urine. Such a blockage causes:

  1. Sharp, stabbing pain on the side or in the back.
  2. Painful urination.
  3. Pain episodes that come and go.
  4. Blood in urine.
  5. Fever, nausea and vomiting in case of an infection.

Kidney stones are perhaps the most painful condition known. In fact, most patients with stones often find themselves in the hospital emergency department. In all cases of pain due to suspected kidney stones, urologists first rule out other possible causes of pain, such as bowel, gynecologic and musculoskeletal problems. The presence of kidney stones is confirmed by X-rays or CT scans. Blood and urine tests also may be used to assess the levels of various stone-forming substances in your system.

Managing Pain Due To Kidney Stones

Once it is confirmed that you have kidney stones, the urologist will give you intravenous painkillers to relieve pain. You then will be sent home with oral drugs (such as acetaminophen, aspirin, diuretics, and antibiotics) to use as you wait for the stone to pass out of your system. Drinking plenty of water, taking hot showers, sitting in a warm water tub and taking drugs that dilate the ureter will bring relief and allow the stone to pass. Eventually the agony will end when the stone passes out.

Smaller stones are more likely to pass on their own. In fact, 80 percent of kidney stones are usually less than 4 mm in diameter and typically pass on their own, though that takes up to 31 days. It is more difficult for larger stones to pass on their own. Stones of 4-6 mm in diameter tend to pass on their own 60 percent of the time while those larger than 6 mm only pass out 20 percent of the time. Therefore in most cases, a non-invasive or minimally-invasive medical procedure is necessary to remove stones larger than 4 mm and those stuck in the ureter.

Surgery for Kidney Stones

Non-obstructive stones rarely cause pain. So surgery is not necessary when kidney stones are not causing any obstruction. And even if they cause pain, medications are usually sufficient. But surgery is required when there is bothersome flank pain and imaging evidence of one or more obstructive stones.

Common surgical treatments include:

  1. Shockwave lithotripsy: A simple outpatient procedure in which sound waves are directed on kidney stones, breaking them into smaller pieces capable of passing on their own in urine.
  2. Ureteroscopy: An outpatient procedure for small-to-medium stones in which a small tube (ureteroscope) is inserted into the urinary tract and used to pull out stones or to direct laser to the stones to break them into smaller pieces.
  3. Percutaneous nephrolithotripsy: A procedure in which the urologist makes a small incision in the back and directly into the kidney, using the incision to access and remove stones. It is the most effective method for very large kidney stones.

Preventing Kidney Stones

Lifestyle changes can help you to avoid having kidney stones. For instance, drinking at least two-and-a-half liters of water every day will help you to achieve a daily urine production of two liters, which prevents stones. Fluids such as coffee and citrus juices also are very effective in preventing kidney stones. Citrus (especially from lemon and grapefruit) makes urine more alkaline and reduces the risk of almost all kinds of stones. But you must avoid sugary juices, as the sweetener in them may increase your risk of having stones and undo the good effects of the juice.

If you have had a bout of kidney stones before, you have a greater risk of getting stones. So depending on the chemical constituents of your first kidney stones, you may have to limit intake of certain foods, such as sugar, salt, proteins and dairy products. For calcium oxalate stones, you will have to cut down the amount of meat, eggs, shellfish, peanuts, spinach, chocolate, sweet potatoes, rhubarb and beetroot from your diet. For uric acid stones, taking allopurinol (a gout medication) will help prevent future episodes. Potassium citrate pills and thiazide family of diuretics (indapamide, chlorthalidone and hydrochlorothiazide) are also effective in preventing all calcium-based stones.

Looking for advice or help with kidney stones? At St Pete Urology, we offer timely and accurate advice, diagnosis and treatment of kidney stones. Our multidisciplinary, compassionate, patient-centered approach will ensure you get the best possible care. Don’t suffer the pain of kidney stones for a day more while we can help you get quick relief. For more information, visit the “St Pete Urology” site.

What foods to avoid with kidney stones?

When substances found in urine become so concentrated, they can combine to form solid masses called kidney stones. For instance, calcium in urine can combine with phosphorous or oxalate to form calcium phosphate and calcium oxalate crystals respectively. Likewise, the buildup of uric acid in urine following protein metabolism can lead to uric acid crystals. Since the urinary tract is not functionally adapted to expel solid matter, the stones become very painful to pass. Fortunately, the risk of formation of kidney stones can be reduced through dietary measures.

So what should you eat and drink to avoid getting these painful stones?

1. Drink copious amounts of water
Taking large quantities of fluid, particularly water, can significantly reduce the risk of kidney stones. Water dilutes urine and lowers its concentration, minimizing the possibility of the chemicals combining to form stones. Just make sure to drink 12 glasses or more of water every day.

2. Eat more calcium-rich foods
Calcium combines with oxalate and eliminates it. Therefore, low calcium intake allows your oxalate levels to rise while increased intake reduces the quantity of oxalate in urine. It is advisable that you get calcium from food and not from supplements (as supplements increase the risk of kidney stones). Recommended sources of calcium include cottage cheese, other types of cheeses, yogurt, milk (cow’s milk, goat’s milk, fortified soy milk and lactose-free milk), legumes, dark green vegetables, calcium-set tofu, seeds, blackstrap molasses and nuts. Intake of foods rich in vitamin D every day can ensure that the body absorbs more calcium. There are several foods fortified with vitamin D, but you also can get this vitamin from egg yolks, cheese and salmon.

3. Increase your citrus intake
Citrus provides naturally occurring citrate which is effective in stopping or reducing the formation of kidney stones. You can get citrate from citrus fruit, citrus juice, oranges, grapefruit and lemons.

Which types of food should you avoid?

1. Limit your salt intake
Increased sodium levels promote the buildup of calcium in urine. Hence, it is important to avoid adding too much salt to your food and to check all labels on processed foods to control the amount of sodium you take. Whenever possible, instruct that no salt be added in the foods you order in hotels or restaurants. Vegetable juices may contain high quantities of sodium, so check what you drink.

2. Reduce intake of animal protein
Most animal sources of protein increase the level of uric acid and reduce the level of citrate in urine. Citrate is important in preventing stone formation. Therefore, you should avoid eating large quantities of red meat, poultry, chicken, pork, eggs and fish which contain large quantities of citrate. Instead of animal proteins, you should turn to alternatives such as Greek yogurt, quinoa, hummus, tofu (bean curd) and chia seeds. Make sure to discuss what types of protein you should eat with your doctor.

3. Minimize the quantity of oxalate-rich foods
Oxalate-rich foods can increase the development of kidney stones. So if you are at greater risk or already have had stones before, then you should either eliminate or reduce the quantity of oxalates. But if you have to eat oxalate-rich foods, always follow or combine them with a calcium source to ensure the oxalate is bound to calcium during digestion and prevented from reaching the kidneys. Foods with high quantities of oxalate include beets, chocolate, nuts, tea, spinach, swiss chard, sweet potatoes and rhubarb. Speak with your doctor to determine the limits of oxalate-rich foods you should have in your diet.

4. Cut down sugar intake
High levels of added fructose and sucrose can increase the risk of stones. You should reduce or eliminate the amount of added sugar you take, particularly in processed foods, cakes, fruits, soft drinks, juices, agave nectar, honey, cane sugar, crystallized fructose, corn syrup and brown rice syrup.

5. Avoid cola drinks
Cola contains high quantities of phosphate, a chemical that promotes kidney stone formation. Avoiding colas will therefore reduce your risk of kidney stones.

Dietary tips for avoiding kidney stones

Once you have kidney stones for the first time, the risk of a recurrence increases drastically unless you take the necessary steps to prevent them. For instance, you can take medications prescribed by your doctor to prevent the stones. Likewise, you can begin to watch keenly what you drink and eat. It is also important that tests are run on the stones you currently have to determine what type they are in order to clearly define appropriate steps for preventing a recurrence. Strategies for preventing recurrence of kidney stones include:

  1. Drinking at least 12 glasses of water every day.
  2. Drinking citrus juices, like orange juice.
  3. Reducing the amount of animal protein you take.
  4. Reducing the amount of added sugar, salt and products rich in fructose corn syrup.
  5. Avoiding drinks and foods high in phosphates and oxalates.
  6. Eating a calcium-containing food at every meal, at least 3 times a day.
  7. Avoiding foods or drinks that dehydrate the body, such as alcohol.

Kidney stones can cause a lot of pain and discomfort. But with slight dietary changes, occurrence of the stones can be effectively prevented or managed. Keeping your body hydrated, pairing oxalate-rich foods with calcium and avoiding foods high in sugar and salt are crucial dietary steps for preventing kidney stones.

At St Pete Urology, we apply a range of treatments, such as lifestyle, dietary, medical and surgical interventions to ensure the best outcome possible for our patients. At our center, most patients with kidney stones are seen by specialists, taken through 24-hour urine studies and blood tests, and given the right treatment depending on the type and cause of their stones. Our urologists are experts in shock-wave lithotripsy (SWL), ureteroscopy and percutaneous nephrolithotomy, among other treatments for relieving pain and restoring a normal, pain-free life. We also develop preventive plans for our patients, giving them a clearer picture of why the stones develop and the necessary changes they should make to prevent them, including dietary, lifestyle and medications to take. For more information on the diagnosis, treatment, prevention and follow-up care for kidney stones, visit the “St Pete Urology” site.

What do you do for a kidney stone?

Kidney stones can be treated in a number of ways, depending on the cause, size and location of the stones. The treatment and management of kidney stones also depend on your overall comfort level, any complications related to the stones and on your other medical problems. Most kidney stones are small (4mm or less in diameter) and can be passed in urine with the help of medications. The medications are used to keep you comfortable as the stones pass naturally through your urinary tract, with the passage of a stone taking a few days to a few weeks. Larger kidney stones are associated with severe symptoms and may not pass without a medical expulsive procedure.

What should you do with small kidney stones?

Most small kidney stones (4mm or less in diameter) can pass through the urinary tract and out of the body without invasive treatment. To pass such a small stone, you should:

  1. Drink plenty of water: Drinking 2-3 liters of water every day will help to flush out a kidney stone. Unless your doctor says otherwise, make sure to increase your daily fluid intake (mostly water) to increase the rate of passage of any stones you may have.
  2. Use pain relievers: As a kidney stone passes through your urinary tract, it will cause some discomfort. For mild pain, your doctor may recommend over-the-counter medications such as ibuprofen, acetaminophen or naproxen sodium. For severe pain, Ketorolac or narcotics may be recommended.
  3. Medications to increase passage rate: To reduce the time required to pass a kidney stone naturally, your urologist may prescribe medications called alpha blockers (such as tamsulosin) or calcium channel blockers (such as nifedipine) to relax ureter muscles and help you to pass the kidney stone quickly and with minimal pain.

What should you do with larger kidney stones?

Larger kidney stones cannot be treated effectively with conservative measures. Likewise, a kidney stone that is lodged in an area of the urinary tract or that has moved into the ureter and is causing severe pain, bleeding or urinary tract infections may require more extensive treatment. When diagnosed with such a kidney stone, the doctor will recommend that you be admitted to hospital for treatment.

Extensive medical treatment is generally necessary if:

  1. You have a higher risk of kidney failure, especially if you have only one kidney.
  2. Your symptoms are not improving within an hour after taking painkillers or anti-nausea medication.
  3. You are pregnant.
  4. You are dehydrated and vomiting too much fluid.
  5. You are over 60 years of age.

Larger kidney stones (6mm in diameter or more) usually require treatment to remove them. The methods used to remove such stones include extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL), ureteroscopy, percutaneous nephrolithotomy and open surgery. The type of treatment given will depend on the size and location of the stone.

Types of Treatment

1. Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL)

This is the most commonly used method of removing kidney stones that cannot be passed in urine. The procedure involves application of ultrasound (high frequency sound waves) to identify the location of a stone with more precision. Ultrasound shock waves are then directed at the stone from a machine, breaking down the stone into smaller pieces that can easily pass in urine. ESWL is an uncomfortable procedure and is therefore performed under painkilling medication. More than one session may be necessary for the procedure to successfully treat kidney stones, but ESWL is known to have up to 99 percent efficacy for stones of 20mm or less in diameter.

2. Ureteroscopy

For kidney stones that are stuck in the ureter, the urologist may have to use a ureteroscope (a long, thin telescope) to reach and remove the stones. The thin lighted tube is fitted with a camera to help pinpoint the location of a stone with utmost precision. During the procedure, the ureteroscope is passed through the urethra and bladder into the ureter and to the place where the stone is stuck.
Once the stone is reached, it can be snared or broken down into smaller pieces using laser energy so that the pieces can then pass naturally in urine. Or the doctor may use another instrument to remove the stone without breaking it. Since ureteroscopy is performed under general anesthesia, you will not be able to drive or operate machinery for up to 48 hours after the procedure. Ureteroscopy is highly effective for stones 15mm or less in diameter, but a plastic tube known as stent may be inserted temporarily into your bladder to help drain stone fragments.

3. Percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL)

PCNL is an alternative procedure that is effective for larger kidney stones. It can be used when ESWL is not suitable, such as when the person being treated is obese. Percutaneous nephrolithotomy involves using a thin telescopic device called a nephroscope. The doctor performs the procedure by making a small incision at the back and then passes the nephroscope through the hole into the kidney. Using the nephroscope, the stone is either pulled out or broken down into smaller pieces using pneumatic or laser energy. The procedure is performed under general anesthesia and is 86 percent effective for kidney stones that are 21-30mm in diameter.

4. Open surgery

Nowadays, the use of open surgery for kidney stones is very rare and only performed in less than 1 percent of cases. In fact, open surgery is only recommended when a kidney stone is extremely large or when there is abnormal anatomy in the affected section of the urinary tract. For instance, open surgery may be necessary if the kidney stones (such as calcium phosphate stones) are caused by an overactive parathyroid gland (hyperthyroidism). Removing a tumor that is causing the parathyroid glands to produce excess parathyroid hormone and hence increased calcium levels in the body also may be necessary to treat some kidney stones. During open surgery, the urologist makes an incision in your back and uses the incision to reach the ureter, bladder and kidney. The stone is then removed from its location.

Preventing future kidney stones

After your kidney stones are treated, the doctor will assess your risk of kidney stones and recommend preventive measures. Generally, the formation of kidney stones is prevented using a combination of lifestyle changes and medications.

1. Lifestyle changes

Lifestyle changes that reduce the risk of kidney stones include:
(a) Drinking plenty of water throughout the day: If you have a history of kidney stones, drinking plenty of water (2-3 liters per day) will significantly reduce your risk of having stones in future. You may have to drink even more water if you live in a hot and dry climate. To know that you are drinking enough water, check if your urine is light and clear.
(b) Reduce the quantity of oxalate-rich foods: If you have previously suffered from calcium oxalate stones, then you can reduce your risk of stones in future by scaling down your consumption of foods rich in oxalates. You may have to cut down on your intake of spinach, sweet potatoes, tea, nuts, okra, beets, rhubarb, Swiss chard, soy products and black pepper.
(c) Reduce amount of salt and animal protein in your diet: To avoid kidney stones in future, reduce your salt intake and minimize animal protein in our diet. It is advisable that you use a salt substitute (such as Mrs. Dash) and take non-animal proteins (such as legumes).
(d) Use calcium supplements with caution: Calcium-rich foods will not increase your risk of kidney stones so you can continue eating them unless your doctor says otherwise. However, calcium supplements can increase the risk of kidney stones and should be taken with caution and only after speaking with a doctor or a dietitian.

2. Medications

Certain medications are effective in controlling the quantity of salts and minerals in urine and hence helpful in preventing the formation of stones. However, the type and effectiveness of such medications depend on the type of stone you are have. For calcium stones, thiazide diuretics and phosphate-containing preparations are effective. Allopunirol and alkalizing agents are effective for uric acid stones, small doses of antibiotics can eliminate bacteria and prevent struvite stones, while cystine-reducing medications can prevent cystine stones.
At St Pete Urology, we have established an integrated and multidisciplinary diagnosis, treatment and management program for kidney stones. By bringing together a diverse team of professionals including urologists, nephrologists, clinical nurse specialists, radiologists, nutritionists and other healthcare specialists, we ensure that our patients receive the most compassionate, comprehensive and effective treatment. We offer both surgical and non-surgical treatments with very high success rates. For more help and information on the treatment of kidney stones, visit St Pete Urology’s website.

How do you know if you have a kidney stone?

A kidney stone is a solid piece of mineral substance formed in the kidney or urinary tract when normal substances found in urine become too concentrated. Once formed, a stone may remain in the kidney or pass through the urinary tract and eventually move out of the body. Kidney stones are a very common urinary tract disorder that can affect almost anyone. In America, one in every ten people has a kidney stone.

How do you know if you have a kidney stone?

It is almost impossible to know that you have kidney stones until symptoms appear. In fact, most kidney stones are difficult to detect until they begin to move from the kidney through the ureter (the tube that connects the kidney to the bladder) and down the urinary tract. It is this movement that tends to cause irritation and blockage in the urinary tract and result in the severe pain and discomfort that is associated with kidney stones. Nevertheless, some kidney stones may lodge in an area of the kidney or urinary tract and cause noticeable symptoms.

To know if you have a kidney stone, you should first acquaint yourself with the symptoms. Knowing the symptoms of kidney stones will then allow you to suspect the condition as soon as you experience any symptoms and to seek immediate medical attention. A prompt visit to a urologist will ensure that your condition is accurately diagnosed and treated effectively.

Here are various ways of knowing if you have a kidney stone.

1.Sharp, excruciating pain

The presence of a kidney stone is often marked by a sharp, excruciating pain on one side of the lower abdomen or upper back. The pain typically starts suddenly and then lingers for a long period, becoming more intense with time. The pain also may spread and affect a larger area, including the groin area, area below the ribs and genitals. The pain can be constant or it can come and go in waves, lasting for a few minutes and then disappearing before starting again in about 10 minutes. The pain also may last for a longer period, but with fluctuating intensity as the stone moves and changes its position in the urinary tract. The nature and intensity of pain caused by kidney stones depends on the size of the stone, its location in the urinary tract and whether or not it has caused damage, blockage or irritation in the delicate structures of the urinary tract.

2. Urination problems

Apart from causing severe pain, kidney stones also result in a variety of urinary problems. The following urinary issues will help you to know that you have a kidney stone:

  • (a) Pain during urination.
  • (b) Red, brown or pink colored urine.
  • (c) Cloudy or foul-smelling urine.
  • (d) Urge to urinate, which is stronger and more frequent than usual.
  • (e) Dribbling urine in small quantities.

3. Gastric distress

You can know that you have a kidney stone if you have pain and any of the following symptoms:

  • (a) Nausea
  • (b) Vomiting
  • (c) Chills
  • (d) Fever

One or more of these symptoms may indicate that you have a urinary tract infection and therefore need antibiotics. Make sure to visit a doctor as soon as possible if you have these symptoms.

4. Clock clues

Linking your symptoms to the time of the day also may help you to know that you have a kidney stone. Typically, the pain caused by kidney stones usually begins either early in the morning or late at night. This is due to the fact that people urinate less frequently in the early morning or late at night and the ureter remains highly constricted, allowing the stones to irritate the delicate structures of the ureter and cause pain. Therefore, monitoring the time pain occurs will enable you to tell whether or not it is caused by kidney stones.

Diagnosis of kidney stones

While the clues you get from the symptoms may be sufficient to help you suspect that you have a kidney stone, the only definitive way of knowing you have a stone is to visit a doctor for diagnosis and treatment. Generally, it is recommended that you see a doctor if you:

  1. Experience pain so severe that you are unable to stand, sit or lie down comfortably.
  2. Have serious pain in your belly.
  3. Have nausea or vomiting.
  4. See blood in your urine.
  5. Find it difficult to urinate.

When you visit a urologist, be ready to describe your symptoms clearly, including when and how they started. If possible, write them down, together with a list of the medication, vitamins and supplements you are taking. For instance, some medications such as diuretics, calcium-based antacids, topiramate (Topamax) and Indinavir (Crixivan) may cause kidney stones. You also should keep track of the amount of fluid you drink and the quantity of urine you pass in a 24-hour period.

The doctor will confirm that you have kidney stones by requesting various tests. These may include blood tests for the presence of calcium or uric acid in blood, since a buildup of these minerals may precipitate kidney stones. The doctor also may request urine tests, often on a urine sample collected in a 24-48 hour period. Apart from lab tests, the doctor may request imaging studies. For example, X-rays may be used to accurately show that you have kidney stones, particularly larger stones; computed tomography (CT) scans can be used to take in-depth images of the urinary tract from several angles, helping to identify smaller stones that X-rays can’t recognize; while ultrasound can be used to create clear images of the urinary tract in order to spot various sizes of kidney stones.

Treating kidney stones

Once the doctor confirms that you have kidney stones, you may be given a special strainer which you use every time you pass urine. The strainer will help you to collect any stones or pieces of stones you may pass. If you succeed in collecting a kidney stone, the doctor will send it to the laboratory for analysis. Knowing the type of kidney stone you have will help your doctor to recommend effective ways of minimizing the risk of such a stone in the future.

Most stones, though quite uncomfortable, will not cause serious damage to your body. So your doctor most likely will recommend that you wait for the stones to pass on their own. It may take a few days to several weeks for a stone to move from the kidney to the ureter and through the bladder to the outside of the body. Your doctor will prescribe pain medications and anti-nausea drugs and then recommend that you go home and wait for the stones to pass. Drinking 2-3 quarts of water every day also is recommended as a way of flushing out your urinary system.
But if through imaging studies the doctor finds that your kidneys stones are too big to be passed at home or notices that you have serious signs of infection, the doctor will use a medical procedure to remove the stones while you are at the clinic or hospital. For instance, lithotripsy is an effective procedure that relies on shock waves to break down larger stones into smaller pieces for easy removal. In cases where lithotripsy is either ineffective or inappropriate, the urologist will use a more invasive method such as inserting a ureteroscope (a special scope) into your urethra or reaching the stone via an incision, a technique called percutaneous nephrolithotomy.

Make sure to seek emergency treatment of kidney stones if you:

  1. Have fever and chills, which are indicators of an infection.
  2. Experience a total failure to pass urine.
  3. Have a history of kidney removal and only have one kidney.
  4. Develop severe fatigue or confusion.
  5. Have severe nausea or vomiting.

Emergency treatment should be sought even if the symptoms are mild. For more information and help with kidney stones, visit the “St Pete Urology” site.